ΤΙ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ ΑΦΡΟΜΠΕΤΟΝ; | |||
Είναι ένα κυψελωτό τσιμεντοκονίαμα που οι άπειρες φυσαλίδες αέρος που είναι εγκλωβισμένες μέσα στην μάζα του, λειτουργούν σαν ξεχωριστά "θερμός" και δεν επιτρέπουν την μεταφορά ήχου και θερμοκρασίας, δηλαδή γίνεται απόσβεση του ήχου μέσα στις φυσαλίδες και σταμάτημα της θερμοκρασίας πάνω στις φυσαλίδες. | ![]() |
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Πέμπτη 8 Μαρτίου 2012
Το ελαφρομπετόν
Σάββατο 25 Φεβρουαρίου 2012
Φωτοβολταϊκά σε γη υψηλής παραγωγικότητας: έκκληση για άρση των εμποδίων

Ολόκληρη η επιστολή του ΣΕΦ:
Παρασκευή 24 Φεβρουαρίου 2012
Ηλιακή Ενεργεία & Φωτοβολταϊκά
Με
τον όρο Ηλιακή Ενέργεια χαρακτηρίζουμε το σύνολο των διαφόρων μορφών
ενέργειας που προέρχονται από τον Ήλιο. Το φώς και η θερμότητα που
ακτινοβολούνται, απορροφούνται από στοιχεία και ενώσεις στη Γη και
μετατρέπονται σε άλλες μορφές ενέργειας. Η τεχνολογία σήμερα αξιοποιεί
ένα μηδαμινό ποσοστό της καταφθάνουσας στην επιφάνεια του πλανήτη μας
ηλιακής ενέργειας με τριών ειδών συστήματα: τα θερμικά ηλιακά, τα
παθητικά ηλιακά και τα φωτοβολταϊκά συστήματα.
The principle of minimum energy
The principle of minimum energy is essentially a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics. It states that for a closed system,
with constant external parameters and entropy, the internal energy will
decrease and approach a minimum value at equilibrium. External
parameters generally means the volume, but may include other parameters
which are specified externally, such as a constant magnetic field.
In contrast, the second law states that for isolated systems, (and fixed external parameters) the entropy will increase to a maximum value at equilibrium. An isolated system has a fixed total energy and mass. A closed system,
on the other hand, is a system which is connected to another system,
and may exchange energy, but not mass, with the other system. If, rather
than an isolated system, we have a closed system, in which the entropy
rather than the energy remains constant, then it follows from the first
and second laws of thermodynamics that the energy of that system will
drop to a minimum value at equilibrium, transferring its energy to the
other system. To restate:
- The maximum entropy principle: For a closed system with fixed internal energy (i.e. an isolated system), the entropy is maximized at equilibrium.
- The minimum energy principle: For a closed system with fixed entropy, the total energy is minimized at equilibrium.
This should not be confused with the minimum total potential energy principle
which states that, at equilibrium, the total potential energy of a
system with dissipation will be at a minimum, which is a special case of
the maximum entropy principle.
As an example, consider the familiar example of a marble on the edge
of a bowl. If we consider the marble and bowl to be an isolated system,
then when the marble drops, the potential energy will be converted to
the kinetic energy
of motion of the marble. Frictional forces will convert this kinetic
energy to heat, and at equilbrium, the marble will be at rest at the
bottom of the bowl, and the marble and the bowl will be at a slightly
higher temperature. The total energy of the marble-bowl system will be
unchanged. What was previously the potential energy of the marble, will
now reside in the increased heat energy of the marble-bowl system. This
will be an application of the maximum entropy principle as set forth in
the principle of minimum potential energy, since due to the heating
effects, the entropy has increased to the maximum value possible given
the fixed energy of the system.
If, on the other hand, the marble is lowered very slowly to the
bottom of the bowl, so slowly that no heating effects occur (i.e.
reversibly), then the entropy of the marble and bowl will remain
constant, and the potential energy of the marble will be transferred as
work energy to the apparatus that is lowering the marble. Since the
potential energy is now at a minimum with no increase in the energy due
to heat of either the marble or the bowl, the total energy of the system
is at a minimum. This is an application of the minimum energy
principle.
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